feat: add `py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr(handle)` function (#5624)

* Added weak_ptr test (currently failing)

* Cleanup

* [skip ci] Simplify test case.

* Add test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp,py (using std::shared_ptr as holder). Tweak test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.py to pass, with `# THIS NEEDS FIXING` comment.

* Resolve clang-tidy errors

```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp:23:43: error: the parameter 'sp' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
   23 |     void set_wp(std::shared_ptr<VirtBase> sp) { wp = sp; }
      |                                           ^
      |                 const                    &
4443 warnings generated.
```

```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp:23:43: error: the parameter 'sp' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
   23 |     void set_wp(std::shared_ptr<VirtBase> sp) { wp = sp; }
      |                                           ^
      |                 const                    &
4430 warnings generated.
```

* PYPY, GRAALPY: skip last part of test_weak_ptr_base

* Rename test_weak_ptr_base → test_weak_ptr_owner

* Add SpOwner, test_with_sp_owner, test_with_sp_and_wp_owners

* Modify py::trampoline_self_life_support semantics: if trampoline class does not inherit from this class, preserve established Inheritance Slicing behavior.

rwgk reached this point with the help of ChatGPT:

* https://chatgpt.com/share/68056498-7d94-8008-8ff0-232e2aba451c

The only production code change in this commit is:

```
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
index d4f9a41e..f3d45301 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
@@ -776,6 +776,14 @@ struct load_helper : value_and_holder_helper {
                 if (released_ptr) {
                     return std::shared_ptr<T>(released_ptr, type_raw_ptr);
                 }
+                auto *self_life_support
+                    = dynamic_raw_ptr_cast_if_possible<trampoline_self_life_support>(type_raw_ptr);
+                if (self_life_support == nullptr) {
+                    std::shared_ptr<void> void_shd_ptr = hld.template as_shared_ptr<void>();
+                    std::shared_ptr<T> to_be_released(void_shd_ptr, type_raw_ptr);
+                    vptr_gd_ptr->released_ptr = to_be_released;
+                    return to_be_released;
+                }
                 std::shared_ptr<T> to_be_released(
                     type_raw_ptr, shared_ptr_trampoline_self_life_support(loaded_v_h.inst));
                 vptr_gd_ptr->released_ptr = to_be_released;
```

* Remove debug printf in include/pybind11/pybind11.h

* Resolve MSVC error

```
    11>D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(44,50): error C2220: the following warning is treated as an error [D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\build\tests\pybind11_tests.vcxproj]
    11>D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(44,50): warning C4458: declaration of 'sp' hides class member [D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\build\tests\pybind11_tests.vcxproj]
             D:\a\pybind11\pybind11\tests\test_class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr.cpp(54,31):
             see declaration of 'pybind11_tests::class_sp_trampoline_weak_ptr::SpOwner::sp'
```

* [skip ci] Undo the production code change under 4638e017b6

Also undo the corresponding test change in test_class_sh_trampoline_weak_ptr.py

But keep all extra debugging code for now.

* [skip ci] Introduce lambda in `WpOwner::set_wp` bindings, but simply cast to `std::shared_ptr<VirtBase>` for now.

* Add `py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr()`

* Add `type_id<T>()` to `py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr()` error message and add test.

* test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py (for smart_holder only)

* Generalize test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py for testing with smart_holder and std::shared_ptr as holder.

* Add back test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr_not_convertible_error(), it got lost accidentally in commit 56d23dc478

* Add simple trampoline state assertions.

* Resolve clang-tidy errors.

```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp:30:9: error: 'magic_token' should be initialized in a member initializer of the constructor [cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer,-warnings-as-errors]
   29 |     trampoline_is_alive_simple(const trampoline_is_alive_simple &other) {
      |                                                                         : magic_token(other.magic_token)
   30 |         magic_token = other.magic_token;
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp:33:9: error: 'magic_token' should be initialized in a member initializer of the constructor [cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer,-warnings-as-errors]
   32 |     trampoline_is_alive_simple(trampoline_is_alive_simple &&other) noexcept {
      |                                                                             : magic_token(other.magic_token)
   33 |         magic_token = other.magic_token;
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
```

* Add a (long) C++ comment for py::potentially_slicing_shared_ptr<>()

* [skip ci] Add new "Avoiding Inheritance Slicing and ``std::weak_ptr`` surprises" section in advanced/classes.rst

* [skip ci] Add introductory comment to test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.py

* Minimal (!) changes to have py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<T>(handle) as the public API. For CI testing, before changing the names around more widely, and the documentation.

* Rename test_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr.cpp,py → test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp,py

* Update docs/advanced/classes.rst and C++ comments → potentially_slicing_weak_ptr

* Write "shared_ptr" instead of just "pointer" in a couple places in docs/advanced/classes.rst

* Add comment for force_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr in type_caster_base.h, to make a direct connection py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr

---------

Co-authored-by: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve <rgrossekunst@nvidia.com>

docs/advanced/classes.rst

@@ -428,6 +428,51 @@ Python side by allowing the Python function to return ``None`` or an ``int``:
         return false;  // Alternatively return MyClass::myMethod(value);
     }
 
+Avoiding Inheritance Slicing and ``std::weak_ptr`` surprises
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+When working with classes that use virtual functions and are subclassed
+in Python, special care must be taken when converting Python objects to
+``std::shared_ptr<T>``. Depending on whether the class uses a plain
+``std::shared_ptr`` holder or ``py::smart_holder``, the resulting
+``shared_ptr`` may either allow inheritance slicing or lead to potentially
+surprising behavior when constructing ``std::weak_ptr`` instances.
+
+This section explains how ``std::shared_ptr`` and ``py::smart_holder`` manage
+object lifetimes differently, how these differences affect trampoline-derived
+objects, and what options are available to achieve the situation-specific
+desired behavior.
+
+When using ``std::shared_ptr`` as the holder type, converting a Python object
+to a ``std::shared_ptr<T>`` (e.g., ``obj.cast<std::shared_ptr<T>>()``, or simply
+passing the Python object as an argument to a ``.def()``-ed function) returns
+a ``shared_ptr`` that shares ownership with the original ``class_`` holder,
+usually preserving object lifetime. However, for Python classes that derive from
+a trampoline, if the Python object is destroyed, only the base C++ object may
+remain alive, leading to inheritance slicing
+(see `#1333 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1333>`_).
+
+In contrast, with ``py::smart_holder``, converting a Python object to
+a ``std::shared_ptr<T>`` returns a new ``shared_ptr`` with an independent
+control block that keeps the derived Python object alive. This avoids
+inheritance slicing but can lead to unintended behavior when creating
+``std::weak_ptr`` instances
+(see `#5623 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/5623>`_).
+
+If it is necessary to obtain a ``std::weak_ptr`` that shares the control block
+with the ``smart_holder``—at the cost of reintroducing potential inheritance
+slicing—you can use ``py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<T>(obj)``.
+
+When precise lifetime management of derived Python objects is important,
+using a Python-side ``weakref`` is the most reliable approach, as it avoids
+both inheritance slicing and unintended interactions with ``std::weak_ptr``
+semantics in C++.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    * :func:`potentially_slicing_weak_ptr` C++ documentation
+    * :file:`tests/test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp`
+
 
 .. _custom_constructors:
 

include/pybind11/cast.h

@@ -983,6 +983,17 @@ public:
         return shared_ptr_storage;
     }
 
+    std::weak_ptr<type> potentially_slicing_weak_ptr() {
+        if (typeinfo->holder_enum_v == detail::holder_enum_t::smart_holder) {
+            // Reusing shared_ptr code to minimize code complexity.
+            shared_ptr_storage
+                = sh_load_helper.load_as_shared_ptr(value,
+                                                    /*responsible_parent=*/nullptr,
+                                                    /*force_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr=*/true);
+        }
+        return shared_ptr_storage;
+    }
+
     static handle
     cast(const std::shared_ptr<type> &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
         const auto *ptr = src.get();
@@ -1077,6 +1088,54 @@ protected:
 template <typename T>
 class type_caster<std::shared_ptr<T>> : public copyable_holder_caster<T, std::shared_ptr<T>> {};
 
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Return a std::shared_ptr with the SAME CONTROL BLOCK as the std::shared_ptr owned by the
+/// class_ holder. For class_-wrapped types with trampolines, the returned std::shared_ptr
+/// does NOT keep any derived Python objects alive (see issue #1333).
+///
+/// For class_-wrapped types using std::shared_ptr as the holder, the following expressions
+/// produce equivalent results (see tests/test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp,py):
+///
+///     - obj.cast<std::shared_ptr<T>>()
+///     - py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<T>(obj).lock()
+///
+/// For class_-wrapped types with trampolines and using py::smart_holder, obj.cast<>()
+/// produces a std::shared_ptr that keeps any derived Python objects alive for its own lifetime,
+/// but this is achieved by introducing a std::shared_ptr control block that is independent of
+/// the one owned by the py::smart_holder. This can lead to surprising std::weak_ptr behavior
+/// (see issue #5623). An easy solution is to use py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<>(obj),
+/// as exercised in tests/test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp,py (look for
+/// "set_wp_potentially_slicing"). Note, however, that this reintroduces the inheritance
+/// slicing issue (see issue #1333). The ideal — but usually more involved — solution is to use
+/// a Python weakref to the derived Python object, instead of a C++ base-class std::weak_ptr.
+///
+/// It is not possible (at least no known approach exists at the time of this writing) to
+/// simultaneously achieve both desirable properties:
+///
+///     - the same std::shared_ptr control block as the class_ holder
+///     - automatic lifetime extension of any derived Python objects
+///
+/// The reason is that this would introduce a reference cycle that cannot be garbage collected:
+///
+///     - the derived Python object owns the class_ holder
+///     - the class_ holder owns the std::shared_ptr
+///     - the std::shared_ptr would own a reference to the derived Python object,
+///       completing the cycle
+template <typename T>
+std::weak_ptr<T> potentially_slicing_weak_ptr(handle obj) {
+    detail::make_caster<std::shared_ptr<T>> caster;
+    if (caster.load(obj, /*convert=*/true)) {
+        return caster.potentially_slicing_weak_ptr();
+    }
+    const char *obj_type_name = detail::obj_class_name(obj.ptr());
+    throw type_error("\"" + std::string(obj_type_name)
+                     + "\" object is not convertible to std::weak_ptr<T> (with T = " + type_id<T>()
+                     + ")");
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
 // SMART_HOLDER_BAKEIN_FOLLOW_ON: Rewrite comment, with reference to unique_ptr specialization.
 /// Type caster for holder types like std::unique_ptr.
 /// Please consider the SFINAE hook an implementation detail, as explained

include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h

@@ -759,7 +759,11 @@ struct load_helper : value_and_holder_helper {
     }
 
     std::shared_ptr<T> load_as_shared_ptr(void *void_raw_ptr,
-                                          handle responsible_parent = nullptr) const {
+                                          handle responsible_parent = nullptr,
+                                          // to support py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr
+                                          // with minimal added code complexity:
+                                          bool force_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr
+                                          = false) const {
         if (!have_holder()) {
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -774,7 +778,7 @@ struct load_helper : value_and_holder_helper {
             throw std::runtime_error("Non-owning holder (load_as_shared_ptr).");
         }
         auto *type_raw_ptr = static_cast<T *>(void_raw_ptr);
-        if (python_instance_is_alias) {
+        if (python_instance_is_alias && !force_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr) {
             auto *vptr_gd_ptr = std::get_deleter<memory::guarded_delete>(hld.vptr);
             if (vptr_gd_ptr != nullptr) {
                 std::shared_ptr<void> released_ptr = vptr_gd_ptr->released_ptr.lock();

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES
     test_opaque_types
     test_operator_overloading
     test_pickling
+    test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr
     test_python_multiple_inheritance
     test_pytypes
     test_sequences_and_iterators

tests/test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 The pybind Community.
+// All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace pybind11_tests {
+namespace potentially_slicing_weak_ptr {
+
+template <int> // Using int as a trick to easily generate multiple types.
+struct VirtBase {
+    virtual ~VirtBase() = default;
+    virtual int get_code() { return 100; }
+};
+
+using VirtBaseSH = VirtBase<0>; // for testing with py::smart_holder
+using VirtBaseSP = VirtBase<1>; // for testing with std::shared_ptr as holder
+
+// Similar to trampoline_self_life_support
+struct trampoline_is_alive_simple {
+    std::uint64_t magic_token = 197001010000u;
+
+    trampoline_is_alive_simple() = default;
+
+    ~trampoline_is_alive_simple() { magic_token = 20380118191407u; }
+
+    trampoline_is_alive_simple(const trampoline_is_alive_simple &other) = default;
+    trampoline_is_alive_simple(trampoline_is_alive_simple &&other) noexcept
+        : magic_token(other.magic_token) {
+        other.magic_token = 20380118191407u;
+    }
+
+    trampoline_is_alive_simple &operator=(const trampoline_is_alive_simple &) = delete;
+    trampoline_is_alive_simple &operator=(trampoline_is_alive_simple &&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <typename VB>
+const char *determine_trampoline_state(const std::shared_ptr<VB> &sp) {
+    if (!sp) {
+        return "sp nullptr";
+    }
+    auto *tias = dynamic_cast<trampoline_is_alive_simple *>(sp.get());
+    if (!tias) {
+        return "dynamic_cast failed";
+    }
+    if (tias->magic_token == 197001010000u) {
+        return "trampoline alive";
+    }
+    if (tias->magic_token == 20380118191407u) {
+        return "trampoline DEAD";
+    }
+    return "UNDEFINED BEHAVIOR";
+}
+
+struct PyVirtBaseSH : VirtBaseSH, py::trampoline_self_life_support, trampoline_is_alive_simple {
+    using VirtBaseSH::VirtBaseSH;
+    int get_code() override { PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(int, VirtBaseSH, get_code); }
+};
+
+struct PyVirtBaseSP : VirtBaseSP, trampoline_is_alive_simple { // self-life-support not available
+    using VirtBaseSP::VirtBaseSP;
+    int get_code() override { PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(int, VirtBaseSP, get_code); }
+};
+
+template <typename VB>
+std::shared_ptr<VB> rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr(py::handle obj) {
+    return obj.cast<std::shared_ptr<VB>>();
+}
+
+// There is no type_caster<std::weak_ptr<VB>>, and to minimize code complexity
+// we do not want to add one, therefore we have to return a shared_ptr here.
+template <typename VB>
+std::shared_ptr<VB> rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr(py::handle obj) {
+    return py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<VB>(obj).lock();
+}
+
+template <typename VB>
+struct SpOwner {
+    void set_sp(const std::shared_ptr<VB> &sp_) { sp = sp_; }
+
+    int get_code() const {
+        if (!sp) {
+            return -888;
+        }
+        return sp->get_code();
+    }
+
+    const char *get_trampoline_state() const { return determine_trampoline_state(sp); }
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<VB> sp;
+};
+
+template <typename VB>
+struct WpOwner {
+    void set_wp(const std::weak_ptr<VB> &wp_) { wp = wp_; }
+
+    int get_code() const {
+        auto sp = wp.lock();
+        if (!sp) {
+            return -999;
+        }
+        return sp->get_code();
+    }
+
+    const char *get_trampoline_state() const { return determine_trampoline_state(wp.lock()); }
+
+private:
+    std::weak_ptr<VB> wp;
+};
+
+template <typename VB>
+void wrap(py::module_ &m,
+          const char *roc_pyname,
+          const char *rps_pyname,
+          const char *spo_pyname,
+          const char *wpo_pyname) {
+    m.def(roc_pyname, rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr<VB>);
+    m.def(rps_pyname, rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr<VB>);
+
+    py::classh<SpOwner<VB>>(m, spo_pyname)
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("set_sp", &SpOwner<VB>::set_sp)
+        .def("get_code", &SpOwner<VB>::get_code)
+        .def("get_trampoline_state", &SpOwner<VB>::get_trampoline_state);
+
+    py::classh<WpOwner<VB>>(m, wpo_pyname)
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("set_wp",
+             [](WpOwner<VB> &self, py::handle obj) {
+                 self.set_wp(obj.cast<std::shared_ptr<VB>>());
+             })
+        .def("set_wp_potentially_slicing",
+             [](WpOwner<VB> &self, py::handle obj) {
+                 self.set_wp(py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<VB>(obj));
+             })
+        .def("get_code", &WpOwner<VB>::get_code)
+        .def("get_trampoline_state", &WpOwner<VB>::get_trampoline_state);
+}
+
+} // namespace potentially_slicing_weak_ptr
+} // namespace pybind11_tests
+
+using namespace pybind11_tests::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr;
+
+TEST_SUBMODULE(potentially_slicing_weak_ptr, m) {
+    py::classh<VirtBaseSH, PyVirtBaseSH>(m, "VirtBaseSH")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("get_code", &VirtBaseSH::get_code);
+
+    py::class_<VirtBaseSP, std::shared_ptr<VirtBaseSP>, PyVirtBaseSP>(m, "VirtBaseSP")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("get_code", &VirtBaseSP::get_code);
+
+    wrap<VirtBaseSH>(m,
+                     "SH_rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr",
+                     "SH_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr",
+                     "SH_SpOwner",
+                     "SH_WpOwner");
+
+    wrap<VirtBaseSP>(m,
+                     "SP_rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr",
+                     "SP_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr",
+                     "SP_SpOwner",
+                     "SP_WpOwner");
+}

tests/test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 The pybind Community.
+# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+# This module tests the interaction of pybind11's shared_ptr and smart_holder
+# mechanisms with trampoline object lifetime management and inheritance slicing.
+#
+# The following combinations are covered:
+#
+# - Holder type: std::shared_ptr (class_ holder) vs.
+#                py::smart_holder
+# - Conversion function: obj.cast<std::shared_ptr<T>>() vs.
+#                        py::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr<T>(obj)
+# - Python object type: C++ base class vs.
+#                       Python-derived trampoline class
+#
+# The tests verify
+#
+# - that casting or passing Python objects into functions returns usable
+#   std::shared_ptr<T> instances.
+# - that inheritance slicing occurs as expected in controlled cases
+#   (issue #1333).
+# - that surprising weak_ptr behavior (issue #5623) can be reproduced when
+#   smart_holder is used.
+# - that the trampoline object remains alive in all situations
+#   (no use-after-free) as long as the C++ shared_ptr exists.
+#
+# Where applicable, trampoline state is introspected to confirm whether the
+# C++ object retains knowledge of the Python override or has fallen back to
+# the base implementation.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import gc
+import weakref
+
+import pytest
+
+import env
+import pybind11_tests.potentially_slicing_weak_ptr as m
+
+
+class PyDrvdSH(m.VirtBaseSH):
+    def get_code(self):
+        return 200
+
+
+class PyDrvdSP(m.VirtBaseSP):
+    def get_code(self):
+        return 200
+
+
+VIRT_BASE_TYPES = {
+    "SH": {100: m.VirtBaseSH, 200: PyDrvdSH},
+    "SP": {100: m.VirtBaseSP, 200: PyDrvdSP},
+}
+
+RTRN_FUNCS = {
+    "SH": {
+        "oc": m.SH_rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr,
+        "ps": m.SH_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr,
+    },
+    "SP": {
+        "oc": m.SP_rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr,
+        "ps": m.SP_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr,
+    },
+}
+
+SP_OWNER_TYPES = {
+    "SH": m.SH_SpOwner,
+    "SP": m.SP_SpOwner,
+}
+
+WP_OWNER_TYPES = {
+    "SH": m.SH_WpOwner,
+    "SP": m.SP_WpOwner,
+}
+
+GC_IS_RELIABLE = not (env.PYPY or env.GRAALPY)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("expected_code", [100, 200])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("rtrn_kind", ["oc", "ps"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("holder_kind", ["SH", "SP"])
+def test_rtrn_obj_cast_shared_ptr(holder_kind, rtrn_kind, expected_code):
+    obj = VIRT_BASE_TYPES[holder_kind][expected_code]()
+    ptr = RTRN_FUNCS[holder_kind][rtrn_kind](obj)
+    assert ptr.get_code() == expected_code
+    objref = weakref.ref(obj)
+    del obj
+    gc.collect()
+    assert ptr.get_code() == expected_code  # the ptr Python object keeps obj alive
+    assert objref() is not None
+    del ptr
+    gc.collect()
+    if GC_IS_RELIABLE:
+        assert objref() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("expected_code", [100, 200])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("holder_kind", ["SH", "SP"])
+def test_with_sp_owner(holder_kind, expected_code):
+    spo = SP_OWNER_TYPES[holder_kind]()
+    assert spo.get_code() == -888
+    assert spo.get_trampoline_state() == "sp nullptr"
+
+    obj = VIRT_BASE_TYPES[holder_kind][expected_code]()
+    assert obj.get_code() == expected_code
+
+    spo.set_sp(obj)
+    assert spo.get_code() == expected_code
+    expected_trampoline_state = (
+        "dynamic_cast failed" if expected_code == 100 else "trampoline alive"
+    )
+    assert spo.get_trampoline_state() == expected_trampoline_state
+
+    del obj
+    gc.collect()
+    if holder_kind == "SH":
+        assert spo.get_code() == expected_code
+    elif GC_IS_RELIABLE:
+        assert (
+            spo.get_code() == 100
+        )  # see issue #1333 (inheritance slicing) and PR #5624
+    assert spo.get_trampoline_state() == expected_trampoline_state
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("expected_code", [100, 200])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("set_meth", ["set_wp", "set_wp_potentially_slicing"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("holder_kind", ["SH", "SP"])
+def test_with_wp_owner(holder_kind, set_meth, expected_code):
+    wpo = WP_OWNER_TYPES[holder_kind]()
+    assert wpo.get_code() == -999
+    assert wpo.get_trampoline_state() == "sp nullptr"
+
+    obj = VIRT_BASE_TYPES[holder_kind][expected_code]()
+    assert obj.get_code() == expected_code
+
+    getattr(wpo, set_meth)(obj)
+    if (
+        holder_kind == "SP"
+        or expected_code == 100
+        or set_meth == "set_wp_potentially_slicing"
+    ):
+        assert wpo.get_code() == expected_code
+    else:
+        assert wpo.get_code() == -999  # see issue #5623 (weak_ptr expired) and PR #5624
+    if expected_code == 100:
+        expected_trampoline_state = "dynamic_cast failed"
+    elif holder_kind == "SH" and set_meth == "set_wp":
+        expected_trampoline_state = "sp nullptr"
+    else:
+        expected_trampoline_state = "trampoline alive"
+    assert wpo.get_trampoline_state() == expected_trampoline_state
+
+    del obj
+    gc.collect()
+    if GC_IS_RELIABLE:
+        assert wpo.get_code() == -999
+
+
+def test_potentially_slicing_weak_ptr_not_convertible_error():
+    with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
+        m.SH_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr("")
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == (
+        '"str" object is not convertible to std::weak_ptr<T>'
+        " (with T = pybind11_tests::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr::VirtBase<0>)"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
+        m.SP_rtrn_potentially_slicing_shared_ptr([])
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == (
+        '"list" object is not convertible to std::weak_ptr<T>'
+        " (with T = pybind11_tests::potentially_slicing_weak_ptr::VirtBase<1>)"
+    )